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California's Secondary Evidence Rule: Helpful, Yes. But Not an End Run.

Evidence at Trial

Code §§ 1521 - 1523) provides a commonsense approach that begins with a simple general rule: "The content of a writing may be proved by otherwise admissible secondary evidence." Even simpler, the secondary evidence rule cannot be used as an end-run around the rules of evidence. Code § 1521(a).

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Judicial Notice: Four Must-Know Rules

Evidence at Trial

Must-Know Rule #2: A Substitute for Evidence Cannot Bypass Relevance Like any rule of evidence, the details mustn't swallow the whole. Just because something is judicially noticeable does not mean it's admissible. American Prairie involved an appeal of a district court ruling that found John Hoich personally liable for $2.5